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The Archaeology of Early Roman Religion
The religion of the people of Rome in the first centuries of the city’s history has long been a topic of interest for scholars, but it has been investigated primarily through literary evidence recorded in the first century BC and later, many centuries after an urban community first began to develop in Rome in the eighth century BC.The contemporary archaeological data from the eighth, seventh, and sixth centuries BC have been taken into account only sporadically, with the result that most scholarship supposedly focused on early Roman religion instead reproduces later Roman ideas about the origins and development of Roman religion—ideas that were often colored by the standards and principles of later Romans, supported by their own conjecture rather than by factual evidence.A standard scholarly method of dealing with the later written evidence about early Roman religious practices is to attempt to strip away any later or false information in order to isolate the genuine characteristics of early Roman religion.This teleological approach, however, causes early Roman religion to seem destined from the beginning to result in the later version of Roman religion.The only changes over time that can then be identified are those that show early Roman religion moving toward the model of the better known Roman religion of the first century BC and after.This book is the first to investigate early Roman religion on the basis of archaeological evidence. The earliest archaeological levels of Rome have been excavated in a number of areas around the city but, because of disciplinary divides between Classical studies, ancient history, religious studies, and archaeology, the archaeological evidence has not been incorporated in any significant way into discussions about the religion of the first Romans. And yet archaeological data can provide us with the baseline of factual evidence that is lacking in the later written sources and, in particular, the archaeological record allows the study of change through time in the characteristics of Roman religion in the earliest centuries of its existence.This book uses the archaeological data to construct a new narrative about early Roman religious practices, examining the role and nature of sacred space; the religious calendar; gods, priests and worshippers; ritual and sacrifice; and death rites and ancestor cult in early Rome as they can be understood through the archaeological evidence.The result is a fuller and more accurate picture of changing early Roman religious practices that also provides the basis for a better understanding of the more widely attested religion of the Romans who lived during the period of the Roman republic and after.
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Early Roman Law : The Regal Period
Early Roman Law - The Regal Period is an unchanged, high-quality reprint of the original edition of 1872. Hansebooks is editor of the literature on different topic areas such as research and science, travel and expeditions, cooking and nutrition, medicine, and other genres.As a publisher we focus on the preservation of historical literature.Many works of historical writers and scientists are available today as antiques only.Hansebooks newly publishes these books and contributes to the preservation of literature which has become rare and historical knowledge for the future.
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Early Roman Law : the Regal Period
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The Final Frontier : Scotland's Early Roman Landscape
In this revealing book, Roman historian and archaeologist Andrew Tibbs uncovers the earliest Roman fortifications in Scotland and examines the landscape and context in which they were built.Although the most visible high-water marks of the Roman Empire in Britain are Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, less is known about the fortifications which marked the early Roman forays into Scotland before the Romans decided that the land was ungovernable.Using maps, diagrams, reconstructions and archaeological evidence, Andrew Tibbs unveils these important military bastions and explores the strategic and tactical context in which they were built.The book reveals fascinating information about how Roman commanders and their engineers used the landscape to best effect to locate the forts in the prime defensive positions, using not only the rugged contours of the land but also making optimum use of roads and rivers.The author argues convincingly that the location of Roman fortifications in the Scottish landscape was an essential tool used by the Roman military to secure and control the local population during the first Roman invasion of Scotland. Illustrated with maps and diagrams as well as photographs of surviving archaeological sites, this book is an essential companion for amateur archaeologists, historians and walkers who want to discover more about the Roman military landscape of Scotland.
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What are the differences between early Christian and Roman basilicas?
Early Christian basilicas were typically used as places of worship and were often built with an east-west orientation to symbolize the rising sun and the resurrection of Christ. They had a central nave with side aisles and an apse at one end for the altar. In contrast, Roman basilicas were originally used as public buildings for legal and civic purposes, with a long rectangular shape and a central nave flanked by columns. Additionally, Roman basilicas often had multiple entrances and were not necessarily oriented towards the east.
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Who was Cloelia, a legendary female figure from Roman early history?
Cloelia was a legendary female figure from Roman early history who was known for her bravery and leadership. According to the legend, she was one of the hostages taken by the Etruscan king Lars Porsena during the early Roman Republic. Cloelia managed to escape with a group of young Roman women and swam across the Tiber River to safety, despite being closely watched by the Etruscans. Her courage and determination made her a symbol of Roman virtue and she was honored for her heroism.
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What is a Roman coin?
A Roman coin is a form of currency that was used in the Roman Empire. These coins were typically made of precious metals such as gold, silver, and bronze, and featured images of Roman emperors, gods, and symbols of power. Roman coins were used for trade and commerce throughout the empire and played a significant role in the economy. Today, Roman coins are highly sought after by collectors and historians for their historical and artistic value.
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Which Roman coin is this?
The Roman coin in the image appears to be a denarius, which was a silver coin used in ancient Rome. The denarius was first minted in the 3rd century BC and remained in circulation for several centuries. It typically featured the portrait of a Roman emperor on one side and various symbols and inscriptions on the other. The specific emperor and design on the coin would need to be examined to determine its exact identity.
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Early Christ Groups and Greco-Roman Associations
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Medieval and Early Modern Murder : Legal, Literary and Historical Contexts
Drawing on a wealth of sources from different disciplines, the essays here provide a nuanced picture of how medieval and early modern societies viewed murder and dealt with murderers. Murder - the perpetrators, victims, methods and motives - has been the subject of law, literature, chronicles and religion, often crossing genres and disciplines and employing multiple modes of expression and interpretation.As the chapters in this volume demonstrate, definitions of murder, manslaughter and justified or unjustified homicide depend largely on the legal terminology and the laws of the society.Much like modern nations, medieval societies treated murder and murderers differently based on their social standing, the social standing of the victim, their gender, their mental capacity for understanding their crime, and intent, motive and means. The three parts of this volume explore different aspects of this crime in the Middle Ages.The first provides the legal template for reading cases of murder in a variety of sources.The second examines the public hermeneutics of murder, especially theways in which medieval societies interpreted and contextualised their textual traditions: Icelandic sagas, Old French fabliaux, Arthuriana and accounts of assassination.Finally, the third part focuses on the effects of murder within the community: murder as a social ill, especially in killing kin.
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Anglo-Saxon leechcraft; an historical sketch of early English medicine
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The Kharijites in Early Islamic Historical Tradition : Heroes and Villains
Analyses the narrative function of Kh?rijism in 9th- and 10th-century Islamic historiographyThe first book-length literary study of Kh?rijismSheds new light on the creation of historical memory in early Islamic historiography Emphasises the importance of literary approaches to early Islamic historyCalls for a reassessment of historical Kh?rijism based on the findings of this literary analysisWhy are stories told about the Kh?rijites purported rebels and heretics?From the Kh?rijites' origins at the Battle of ?iff?n in 657 CE until the death of the caliph ?Abd al-Malik b.Marw?n in 705 CE, this exhaustive literary analysis provides a fresh perspective on Kh?rijite history as depicted in early Islamic historiography.The Islamic tradition portrays Kh?rijism as a heretical movement of militantly pious zealots, a notion largely reiterated by what little modern scholarship there is on the Kh?rijites.Hannah-Lena Hagemann moves away from the usual positivist reconstructions of Kh?rijite history 'as it really was' and instead examines its narrative function in early Islamic historiography.The results of this literary analysis highlight the need for a serious reassessment of the historical phenomenon of Kh?rijism as it is currently understood in scholarship.
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How can one pay with a collectible coin?
One can pay with a collectible coin by finding a willing buyer who is interested in the specific coin and is willing to exchange goods or services for it. The value of the coin will need to be agreed upon by both parties, and the transaction can be completed by physically exchanging the coin for the agreed-upon value. Alternatively, the coin can be sold to a dealer or collector for its market value, and the proceeds can then be used to make a purchase. It's important to note that some collectible coins may have a higher value as a collector's item than their face value, so it's important to research and understand the value of the coin before attempting to use it as payment.
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What is an early Christian symbol in early Christianity?
One early Christian symbol in early Christianity is the fish, known as the Ichthys. The fish was used as a secret symbol by early Christians to identify themselves to one another without drawing attention from Roman authorities. The Greek word for fish, "Ichthys," was used as an acronym for "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior." The fish symbolized the belief in Jesus as the Messiah and was often used in early Christian art and on tombs.
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'Why so early?'
Starting early allows me to have a head start on the day and accomplish more tasks before any potential distractions or interruptions arise. It also gives me the opportunity to have some quiet time for myself, whether it's for exercise, meditation, or simply enjoying a peaceful morning. Additionally, I find that I am more productive and focused in the early hours, which sets a positive tone for the rest of the day.
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"How early old?"
The phrase "How early old?" could be interpreted as asking about the age at which someone starts to feel or appear old. This can vary greatly from person to person, as factors such as genetics, lifestyle, and overall health can all play a role in how early someone may start to feel or appear old. It's important to remember that age is just a number and that feeling "old" is subjective and can be influenced by many different factors.
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