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The Roman Market Economy
The quality of life for ordinary Roman citizens at the height of the Roman Empire probably was better than that of any other large group of people living before the Industrial Revolution.The Roman Market Economy uses the tools of modern economics to show how trade, markets, and the Pax Romana were critical to ancient Rome's prosperity.Peter Temin, one of the world's foremost economic historians, argues that markets dominated the Roman economy.He traces how the Pax Romana encouraged trade around the Mediterranean, and how Roman law promoted commerce and banking.Temin shows that a reasonably vibrant market for wheat extended throughout the empire, and suggests that the Antonine Plague may have been responsible for turning the stable prices of the early empire into the persistent inflation of the late.He vividly describes how various markets operated in Roman times, from commodities and slaves to the buying and selling of land.Applying modern methods for evaluating economic growth to data culled from historical sources, Temin argues that Roman Italy in the second century was as prosperous as the Dutch Republic in its golden age of the seventeenth century. The Roman Market Economy reveals how economics can help us understand how the Roman Empire could have ruled seventy million people and endured for centuries.
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Roman Southwark - Settlement and Economy
This report presents an overview of Roman urban development in London south of the Thames.The establishment of the Roman bridge and the first approach roads and landing places, made Southwark an ideal location for the development of facilities for the trans-shipment of goods between land and river.The wide range of data from 41 previously unpublished north Southwark sites provides the means for 'mapping' Roman activity in Southwark: the nature of the early settlement, changing patterns of land use and broader processes of social and economic change.Early land reclamation preceded the establishment of a thriving trade centre involved in the redistribution or marketing of locally processed and imported goods, with evidence of a concentration of buildings burnt in Boudican fire of AD 61 along the main road to the bridgehead.Increased land reclamation and construction of more masonry buildings in the 2nd century AD indicate further growth. By the 3rd century large stone buildings at ten of the sites reported suggest an administrative area housing official residences.After the mid 4th century the settlement contracted to the area immediately around the bridgehead with a cemetery on previously occupied land to the south.
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The Linguistic Cycle : Economy and Renewal in Historical Linguistics
Cyclical language change is a linguistic process by which a word, phrase, or part of the grammar loses its meaning or function and is then replaced by another.This can even happen on the level of an entire language, which can experience a change in the language family it is a part of.This new text is a comprehensive introduction to this phenomenon, the mechanisms underlying it, and the relations between the different types of cycles.Elly van Gelderen reviews the subject widely and holistically, defining key terms and comprehensively presenting diverse theoretical perspectives and empirical findings.With coverage of a variety of micro cycles and the more controversial macro cycles, incorporating cutting-edge work on grammaticalization, and drawing on examples from many languages and language families, this book accessibly guides readers through the state of the art in the field.With practical methodological guidance on how to identify and investigate linguistic cycles, and an array of useful pedagogical features, the book provides a coherent framework for approaching, understanding, and furthering research in linguistic cycles.This text will be an indispensable resource for advanced students and researchers in historical and diachronic linguistics, language typology, and linguistic and grammatical theory.
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Pliny's Roman Economy : Natural History, Innovation, and Growth
The first comprehensive study of Pliny the Elder’s economic thought—and its implications for understanding the Roman Empire’s constrained innovation and economic growthThe elder Pliny’s Natural History (77 CE), an astonishing compilation of 20,000 “things worth knowing,” was avowedly intended to be a repository of ancient Mediterranean knowledge for the use of craftsmen and farmers, but this 37-book, 400,000-word work was too expensive, unwieldy, and impractically organized to be of utilitarian value.Yet, as Richard Saller shows, the Natural History offers more insights into Roman ideas about economic growth than any other ancient source.Pliny’s Roman Economy is the first comprehensive study of Pliny’s economic thought and its implications for understanding the economy of the Roman Empire. As Saller reveals, Pliny sometimes anticipates modern economic theory, while at other times his ideas suggest why Rome produced very few major inventions that resulted in sustained economic growth.On one hand, Pliny believed that new knowledge came by accident or divine intervention, not by human initiative; research and development was a foreign concept.When he lists 136 great inventions, they are mostly prehistoric and don’t include a single one from Rome—offering a commentary on Roman innovation and displaying a reverence for the past that contrasts with the attitudes of the eighteenth-century encyclopedists credited with contributing to the Industrial Revolution.On the other hand, Pliny shrewdly recognized that Rome’s lack of competition from other states suppressed incentives for innovation.Pliny’s understanding should be noted because, as Saller shows, recent efforts to use scientific evidence about the ancient climate to measure the Roman economy are flawed. By exploring Pliny’s ideas about discovery, innovation, and growth, Pliny’s Roman Economy makes an important new contribution to the ongoing debate about economic growth in ancient Rome.
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Free market economy or planned economy?
The choice between a free market economy and a planned economy depends on the specific goals and values of a society. A free market economy allows for individual freedom and competition, which can lead to innovation and efficiency. However, it can also result in inequality and lack of regulation. On the other hand, a planned economy allows for more control and distribution of resources, but it can stifle individual initiative and innovation. Ultimately, the decision between the two depends on the balance a society seeks between individual freedom and social equality.
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Why market economy and not planned economy?
A market economy is preferred over a planned economy because it allows for individual freedom and choice in economic decision-making. In a market economy, prices are determined by supply and demand, leading to efficient allocation of resources. Additionally, competition in a market economy encourages innovation and productivity, driving economic growth. On the other hand, a planned economy, where the government controls production and distribution, can lead to inefficiencies, lack of innovation, and limited consumer choice.
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How are planned economy and shortage economy related?
A planned economy is a system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, and prices of goods and services. In a planned economy, resources are allocated based on a central plan rather than market forces. A shortage economy occurs when there is a lack of goods and services available for consumers due to factors such as poor planning, inefficiency, or external shocks. In a planned economy, the risk of a shortage economy is higher as the government may not accurately predict or meet the demands of the population, leading to imbalances in supply and demand.
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What is the difference between social market economy, free market economy, and planned economy?
A social market economy combines elements of both a free market economy and a planned economy. It allows for private ownership of businesses and resources, while also implementing government regulations to ensure fair competition and social welfare. In contrast, a free market economy relies on minimal government intervention, allowing businesses to operate with little regulation. On the other hand, a planned economy is centrally controlled by the government, with decisions regarding production, distribution, and pricing made by central authorities.
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Gold Plated Bitcoin Coin Collectible Art Collection Gift Physical Commemorative coin Metal Antique
Gold Plated Bitcoin Coin Collectible Art Collection Gift Physical Commemorative coin Metal Antique
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Gold Plated Bitcoin Coin Collectible Art Collection Gift Physical Commemorative coin Metal Antique
Gold Plated Bitcoin Coin Collectible Art Collection Gift Physical Commemorative coin Metal Antique
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A Historical Ethnography of the Enga Economy of Papua New Guinea
The question addressed in this Element is: What happens to a society when, in the absence of influence from foreign populations, constraints are released by a new crop making possible significant surplus production?We will draw on the historical traditions of 110 tribes of the Enga of Papua New Guinea recorded over a decade to document the changes that occurred in response to the potential for surplus production after the arrival of the sweet potato some 350 years prior to contact with Europeans.Economic change alone does not restructure a society nor build the social and political scaffolding for new institutions.In response to rapid change, the Enga drew on rituals that altered norms and values and resolved cultural contradictions that inhibited cooperation to bring about complexity rather than chaos.The end result was the development of one of the largest known ceremonial exchange systems prior to state formation.
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Walter Benjamin and the Critique of Political Economy : A New Historical Materialism
Exploring the connections between Walter Benjamin’s philosophy of history and a Marxian Critique of Political Economy, Duy Lap Nguyen analyses Benjamin’s early writings and their development into a distinct understanding of historical materialism.Benjamin’s historically materialist conception of history is shown to be characterised by a focus on the religion of capitalism, the mythology of the state, and messianic time.Revealing these factors, Nguyen joins up Benjamin’s philosophical critique of the Kantian conception of history, alongside the historical trajectory of capitalism he subscribed to.Influenced by the theory of fascism outlined by German Marxist theorist Karl Korsch, we see how Benjamin’s own theory of revolution and redemption in capitalist society developed into a sophisticated critique.Essential to Benjamin’s materialist critique was a recognition of the fallibility of the Enlightenment notion of progress, as well as the need to overturn the political and economic catastrophes which enable capitalism and fascism to thrive.In mapping the exact course of Benjamin’s critical historical materialism, Nguyen fully explicates the unique contribution he made to western Marxism.
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Is Germany a centrally planned economy, a social market economy, or a free market economy?
Germany is considered a social market economy. This means that while it operates within a free market framework, the government plays a significant role in regulating the economy and providing social welfare programs. The social market economy model aims to balance economic freedom with social responsibility, promoting competition and entrepreneurship while also ensuring social security and a fair distribution of wealth. This approach has been a key factor in Germany's economic success and stability.
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How do planned economy and social market economy differ?
A planned economy is one in which the government controls all aspects of economic production and distribution, including setting prices and determining what goods and services are produced. In contrast, a social market economy is a system in which the government plays a more limited role, allowing for private ownership and competition while also providing social safety nets and regulations to ensure fair competition and protect consumers. In a planned economy, the government has a central role in decision-making, while in a social market economy, the market plays a more significant role, with government intervention focused on ensuring fairness and social welfare.
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'Economy or Environment?'
Both the economy and the environment are important and interconnected. It is essential to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental protection to ensure sustainable development. Neglecting the environment can have long-term negative impacts on the economy, while a healthy environment can support a thriving economy. Therefore, it is crucial to consider both aspects in decision-making processes to achieve a harmonious and sustainable future.
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What is the difference between national economy and market economy?
A national economy refers to the overall economic system of a country, including all economic activities and resources within its borders. It is typically influenced by government policies and regulations. On the other hand, a market economy is based on the principles of supply and demand, where economic decisions and the pricing of goods and services are determined by the interactions of individuals and businesses in the marketplace. In a market economy, there is minimal government intervention, allowing for more competition and efficiency in resource allocation.
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